Water is one of the most direct mediums through which people perceive the effects of climate change. The flow regimes that people rely on are influenced by large-scale climate change, and identifying changes to these regimes and determining their causes requires reliable, spatiotemporally continuous runoff records. China is climate vulnerable due to its remarkable topographic gradients, monsoon climate, and rapid economic development. Climate change has increased the urgency of understanding, regulating, and forecasting China’s freshwater flows. Yet, available global and regional runoff data in China are produced from sparse, poor-quality gauged station data that have been acquired over different time scales. Our research presents a new long-term, high-quality natural runoff dataset, named the China Natural Runoff Dataset version 1.0 (CNRD v1.0) for driving hydrological and climate studies over China. It will also contribute to the global runoff database. CNRD v1.0 provides daily, monthly, and annual 0.25-degree natural runoff estimates for the period of 1 January 1961 to 31 December 2018 over China. CNRD v1.0 is generated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity macroscale hydrological model, which was used to fill in gaps or construct time series of comparable lengths. To control the model performance and thus our dataset quality, the model’s sensitive parameters are automatically calibrated using an adaptive surrogate modeling‐based optimization algorithm based on monthly natural or near-natural streamflow data from 200 hydrological gauge stations—more than in previous studies—with low fractions of missing data. Another important quality control adopted for this dataset was the use of a multiscale parameter regionalization technique to estimate model parameters for ungauged basins. Overall, the results show well-calibrated parameters for most gauged catchments, and the skill scores, the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) present high values for all catchments, with an average of 0.83 and 0.80 for calibration and validation modes, respectively. The multiscale parameter regionalization technique offered the best regionalization solution (median NSE = 0.76 for the calibration period and 0.72 for the validation period. The results overall show well-calibrated and regionalized parameters for the hydrological model thus for the long-term runoff reconstruction. By the cell-to-cell comparisons between the CNRD v1.0 with the two global runoff datasets, ISIMIP and GRUN, we found that our datasets show more continuous transitions in runoff dis¬tribution compared to ISIMIP and GRUN across China, and perform well in representing the geographic distribution of China’s water resources across complex terrain and climate regions.
MIAO Chiyuan, GOU Jiaojiao
Mountain glaciers are important freshwater resources in Western China and its surrounding areas. It is at the drainage basin scale that mountain glaciers provide meltwater that humans exploit and utilize. Therefore, the determination of glacierized river basins is the basis for the research on glacier meltwater provisioning functions and their services. Based on the Randolph glacier inventory 6.0, Chinese Glacier Inventories, China's river basin classifications (collected from the Data Centre for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences), and global-scale HydroBASINS (www.hydrosheds.org), the following dataset was generated by the intersection between river basins and glacier inventory: (1) Chinese glacierized macroscale and microscale river basins; (2) International glacierized macroscale river basin fed by China’s glaciers; (3) Glacierized macroscale river basin data across High Mountain Asia. This data takes the common river basin boundaries in China and the globe into account, which is poised to provide basic data for the study of historical and future glacier water resources in China and its surrounding areas.
SU Bo
Antarctic 1:100,000 airport distribution data set includes vector space data and related attribute data of airports (Antarctic_Airport) and airport runways (Antarctic_Airport_runways)：Airport Name(Name), airport country Name（CNTRY_NAME）, airport country abbreviation（CNTRY_CODE）, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE. The data comes from the 1:100,000 ADC_WorldMap global data set，The data through topology, warehousing and other data quality inspection，Data through the topology, into the library，It's comprehensive, up-to-date and seamless geodigital data. The world map coordinate system is latitude and longitude, WGS84 datum surface，Antarctic specific projection parameters（South_Pole_Stereographic）.
ADC WorldMap
Third Pole 1:100,000 airport and runway data set include：airport（Tibet_Airport）and(Tibet_Airport_runways) vector space data set and its attribute name:Airport name(Name）、Name of airport（CNTRY_NAME）、Airport country abbreviation（CNTRY_CODE）、latitude（LATITUDE）、longitude（LONGITUDE）. The data comes from the 1:100,000 ADC_WorldMap global data set，The data through topology, warehousing and other data quality inspection，Data through the topology, into the library，It's comprehensive, up-to-date and seamless geodigital data. The world map coordinate system is latitude and longitude, D_WGS_1984 datum surface
ADC WorldMap
Arctic 1:100,000 airport distribution data set includes vector space data and related attribute data of airports (Arctic_Airport) and airport runway (Arctic_Airport_runways) in the arctic range: airport Name, airport country Name, airport country abbreviation (CNTRY_CODE), LATITUDE and LONGITUDE. The data comes from the 1:100,000 ADC_WorldMap global data set, which is a comprehensive, up-to-date and seamless geographic digital data after the data quality inspection of topology, warehousing and other data. The world map coordinate system is latitude and longitude, WGS84 datum surface, and the arctic data set is the special projection parameter for the arctic (North_Pole_Stereographic).
ADC WorldMap
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used for monitoring vegetation. This dataset employed all available Landsat 5/7/8 data on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) (> 100,000 scenes), and reconstructed high spatiotemporal NDVI time-series data (30-m and 8-d) during 2000-2020 on the TP (QTP-NDVI30) by using the MODIS-Landsat fusion algorithm (gap filling and Savitzky–Golay filtering；GF-SG). For the details of GF-SG, please refer to Chen et al. (2021). This dataset has been evaluated carefully. The quantitative assessments show that the reconstructed NDVI images have an average MAE value of 0.02, correlation coefficient of 0.96, and SSIM value of 0.94. We compared the reconstructed images in some typical areas with the PlanetScope 3-m images and found that the spatial details were well preserved by QTP-NDVI30. The geographic coordinate system of this dataset is GCS_WGS_84. The spatial range covers the vegetation area of the QTP, which is defined as the areas with average NDVI during July- September larger than 0.15.
CAO Ruyin , XU Zichao , CHEN Yang , SHEN Miaogen , CHEN Jin
Lakes collect runoff, sediment and nutrients from upstream watersheds and are an important "destination" of material migration at the watershed scale. Therefore, the attributes of lake water and sediment are affected by catchment attributes (e.g. climate, terrain and vegetation conditions) to a large degree. This dataset delineates the watershed boundaries of 1525 Lakes (with an area from 0.2 to 4503 square kilometers) on the Tibetan Plateau, and calculates 721 catchment-scale attributes on the aspects of lake body, terrain, climate, vegetation, soil/geology and anthropogenic activities. This is the first dataset of lake-catchment characteristics on the Tibetan Plateau, which can provide foundamental data for the study of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau.
LIU Junzhi
Dasuo River Basin is the catchment area of Dasuo River. The basin is located in the north slope of central Himalaya and situated in Nyalam County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The Dasuo River originates from Dasuopu Glacier of Mount Xixabangma. It converges with Zedang River to form the Naduore River, which is the main tributaries in the upper reaches of Pengqu River. The geo-location of the Dasuo River Basin is 28°20'53"-28°35'17"N, 85°42'29″-85°48'50″E. The length and width of the Dasuo River Basin are 25 km and 8 km, respectively. The Dasuo River Basin has a total area of about 88.64 km² and the perimeter is 73.43 km. The elevation of the Dasuo River Basin ranges from 5006 m to 8027 m and the average elevation is 5909 m. Over three quarters of this region is above 5500 m. The dataset was developed based on the scale 1:100,000 topographic map, 12.5 m resolution DEM, Google Earth images, together with the field survey. The dataset is archived in .kmz and .shp data formats, and consists of 17 data files with 296 KB (Compressed into 2 files with 133 KB).
ZHANG Yili, GU Changjun
This data set contains the data of Himalayan river system network and small watershed distribution. The water network data is extracted according to the national level 6 river network data of Haihe edition and the Himalayan range mask, which is vector data. The water system can be used to determine the basin area and calculate the characteristic parameters of the water system, such as river network density, river system development coefficient, river system non-uniformity coefficient, etc. it can also be used as flood confluence path routing. The distribution data of small watersheds is the distribution data of 1:1 million small watersheds in the Himalayas. Based on the national mountain flood disaster investigation and evaluation results, the concentration time distribution of small watersheds in the study area is obtained to form the concentration time distribution data of small watersheds in the Himalayas.
WANG Zhonggen
Based on the Sentinel-2 and Landsat 5/7/8 multispectral instrument imageries combined with in-situ measured hydrological data, bankfull river geometry of six major exorheic river basins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (the upper Yellow River, upper Jinsha River, Yalong River, Lantsang River, Nu River and Yalung Zangbo River) are presented. River surface of six mainstreams and major tributaries are included. For each river basin, two types of rivers are included: connected and disconnected rivers. Format of the dataset is .shp exported from the ArcGIS 10.5. Three products are included in the dataset: one original product (bankfull river surface dataset) and two derived products (bankfull river width dataset and bankfull river surface area dataset with a 1 km river length interval). These three products are in three folders. The first folder, “1-Bankfull River Surface”, contains river surface vectors for six river basins in the .shp file. The second folder, “2-Bankfull River Width”, contains bankfull river widths and corresponding coordinates with a 1 km-step river length for six mainstreams and some connected tributaries in .xlsx format. The river width vectors in the .shp files are also provided in the second folder. The third folder, “3-Bankfull River Surface Area”, contains bankfull river surface areas and corresponding coordinates with a 1 km-step river length for six mainstreams and some connected tributaries in .xlsx format. Three Supplementary Files are included: Supplementary File 1, tables and figures related to the dataset; Supplementary File 2, used for river surface extraction based on GEE platform; Supplementary File 3, used for river width extraction based on Matlab. The provided planform river hydromorphology data can supplement global hydrography datasets and effectively represent the combined fluvial geomorphology and geological background in the study area.
LI Dan , XUE Yuan , QIN Chao , WU Baosheng , CHEN Bowei , WANG Ge
The data are the detrital zircon ages of the late Cretaceous early Cenozoic strata in Sichuan Basin, Xichang Basin, Huili basin and Chuxiong Basin on the eastern margin of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau; All detrital zircon samples collected in this study are sandstone. The crushing and zircon selection of samples were completed in Langfang Chengxin Geological Service Co., Ltd; Zircon U-Pb dating was done at the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). At least 200 zircon grains were randomly selected to adhere to double-sided adhesive, and were poured into the laser sample target with epoxy resin. All samples were ablated by using a laser beam with a diameter of 28μm, a frequency of 10 Hz and laser energy density of 4.0J/cm 2 .
ZHANG Huiping
This data set is extracted according to the mask of Sichuan Tibet line and surrounding areas according to the data of 1:250000 river water system in three-level watershed of Qinghai Tibet Plateau (2012), which is vector data. Geographic coordinate system: GCS_ China_ Geodetic_ Coordinate_ System_ 2000； Spatial accuracy: scale 1:250000. The data can be opened and used by ArcGIS, envi or other geographic information systems and remote sensing software. Water system can be used to divide small watersheds, determine the watershed area, and calculate the characteristic parameters of water system, such as river network density, river system development coefficient, river system non-uniformity coefficient, etc. it plays an important role in the field of hydrology.
WANG Zhonggen
The data set of bacterial post-treatment products and conventional water quality parameters of some lakes in the third pole in 2015 collected the bacterial analysis results and conventional water quality parameters of some lakes in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau during 2015. Through sorting, summarizing and summarizing, the bacterial post-treatment products of some lakes in the third pole in 2015 are obtained. The data format is excel, which is convenient for users to view. The samples were collected by Mr. Ji mukan from July 1 to July 15, 2015, including 28 Lakes (bamuco, baimanamuco, bangoso (Salt Lake), Bangong Cuo, bengcuo, bieruozhao, cuo'e (Shenza), cuo'e (Naqu), dawaco, dangqiong Cuo, dangjayong Cuo, Dongcuo, eyaco, gongzhucuo, guogencuo, jiarehbu Cuo, mabongyong Cuo, Namuco, Nier CuO (Salt Lake), Norma Cuo, Peng yancuo (Salt Lake), Peng Cuo, gun Yong Cuo, Se lincuo, Wu rucuo, Wu Ma Cuo, Zha RI Nan Mu Cuo, Zha Xi CuO), a total of 138 samples. The extraction method of bacterial DNA in lake water is as follows: the lake water is filtered onto a 0.45 membrane, and then DNA is extracted by Mo bio powerOil DNA kit. The 16S rRNA gene fragment amplification primers were 515f (5'-gtgccagcmgcgcggtaa-3') and 909r (5'-ggactachvggtwtctaat-3'). The sequencing method was Illumina miseq PE250. The original data were analyzed by mothur software, including quality filtering and chimera removal. The sequence classification was based on the silva109 database. The archaeal, eukaryotic and unknown source sequences had been removed. OTU classifies with 97% similarity and then removes sequences that appear only once in the database. Conventional water quality detection parameters include dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, redox potential, nonvolatile organic carbon, total nitrogen, etc. The dissolved oxygen is determined by electrode polarography; Conductivity meter is used for conductivity; Salinity is measured by a salinity meter; TDS tester is used for total dissolved solids; ORP online analyzer was used for redox potential; TOC analyzer is used for non-volatile organic carbon; The water quality parameters of total nitrogen were obtained by Spectrophotometry for reference.
YE Aizhong
This product provides the monthly runoff, evapotranspiration and soil water of major Arctic river basins in 2018-2065 based on the land surface model Vic. The spatial accuracy is 10km. Major Arctic river basins include Lena, Yenisey, ob, Kolyma, Yukon and Mackenzie basins. According to the rcp2.6 (low emission intensity) and rcp8.5 (high emission intensity) scenario results provided by the ipsl-cm5a-lr model in cmip5 in the fifth assessment report of IPCC, the future climate scenario driving data applicable to the Arctic region of 0.1 ° is obtained through statistical downscaling. Using the calibrated land surface hydrological model Vic on a global scale, based on the future climate scenario driven data of 0.1 °, the monthly time series of runoff, soil water and evapotranspiration of the Arctic River Basin in the middle of this century under future climate change are estimated.
TANG Yin , TANG Qiuhong , WANG Ninglian, WU Yuwei
The China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Tianshan Mountain region belong to subtropical grassland, desert climate and warm temperate continental arid climate, with less River precipitation supply. The rivers in the northern mountain area are supplied by glacial snow melt water. Located in the Indus River Basin, the upper reaches of the Indus River have developed water systems, including the main stream of the Indus River, Jhelum River and Chenab River in the west of the left bank. This data set is a water system map of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Water system is an important natural factor. Its development, shape and distribution are the result of the comprehensive action of many factors. The classification of rivers is based on the most typical characteristics of water systems, so the coding of water systems takes full account of the classification of water systems and other characteristics of rivers. The data of foreign rivers come from natural earth. All rivers are subject to manual smoothing and position adjustment to adapt to the shadow terrain generated by SRTM plus elevation data.
QIU Haijun
This dataset include major, trace, neodymium and strontium isotope geochemical data of 72 riverine sand samples from the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra-Ganges river system, including 48 samples from the Yarlung Tsangpo River and its tributaries, 19 samples from the Brahmaputra River and its tributaries, and 5 samples from the Ganges River. The major elements include SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and other 7 elements from all 72 samples, expressed as percentage of oxides; trace elements include Li, Be, Sc and other 41 elements from 30 samples, expressed as parts per million (ppm); neodymium isotope data includes 143Nd/144Nd ratios and their error values from 26 samples; while strontium isotope data includes 87Sr/86Sr ratios and their error values for 26 samples. The main elements were analyzed using a PANalytical Axios X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF), with testing errors <3%; trace elements were tested using a Thermo Fisher VG-X7 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), with testing errors <5%; Nd and Sr isotopes were tested using a Thermo Fisher NEPTUNE plus multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS), with deviations of <0.005% for Sr and <0.004% for Nd isotopes relative to the reference values of the international standards. All the above laboratory tests were performed at the State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University. The data are of both scientific and social importance for understanding the tectonic activity, chemical weathering, and source-to-sink transport of riverine sediments in large drainage basins from the Tibetan Plateau, as well as for assessing the inter-relationship between natural processes and human activities.
LIU Zhifei , ZHAO Yulong , YU Mingyang , LIN Baozhi , ZAKIR HOSSAIN H.M, TARAL Suchana , CHAKRABORTY Tapan
Through the semi-quantitative collection method, benthos research was carried out in 22 lakes in the core area of Qiangtang and Yamzho Lake in the summer of 2020. The relative abundance data of Zoobenthos in alpine lakes in Tibet were obtained by the mixed sampling of littoral and deep-water communities. The results of this data show that among the 6420 selected benthos, 28 species of benthos are identified, belonging to 3 phyla and 7 classes, of which the main benthic groups are gammarus and chironomid, and the dominant species in a few lakes are water beetles. This data improves the recognition accuracy and cognitive range of Zoobenthos in Tibet and will provide a reference for the evaluation of aquatic animal diversity and fishery resources in plateau lakes.
TANG Hongqu
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